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Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP). In both CoA and ACP, a derivative of pantothenic acid, 4-phosphopantetheine, forms the active portion of the compound. COA is required for the chemical reactions that produce energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and for the synthesis of essential fats, cholesterol, certain hormones, and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. ACP is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids.
The principal functions of pantothenic acid are through CoA which is required for synthesis of essential fats, sterols, steroid hormones, melatonin, acetylcholine, and heme (a part of hemoglobin and many metabolic proteins).
Because of the instability of pantothenic acid, calcium pantothenate is widely used in the feed industry. The D form of pantothenate is with bioactivity.

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Vitamin B3 is a water-soluble vitamin, the product is white powder, odorless or nearly odorless, bitter in taste, freely soluble in water or ethanol, dissolvable in glycerin.

Vitamin B3 is easy to absorb oral, and can be widely distributed in the body, the excess metabolites or prototype quickly expel from urine. Nicotinamide is part of coenzyme I and coenzyme II, plays the role of hydrogen delivery in biological oxidation respiratory chain, can promote biological oxidation processes and tissue metabolism, maintain normal tissue (especially the skin, digestive tract and nervous system) integrity has an important role.

In addition, Vitamin B3 has prevention and treatment of heart block, sinus node function and anti-fast experimental arrhythmias, niacinamide can significantly improve the heart rate and atrioventricular block caused.
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Vitamin B2 role:

Vitamin B2 can promote growth and cell regeneration. The skin, nails, hairs normal growth. Vitamin B2 help eliminate mouth, lips, tongue inflammation. Vitamin B2 can improve vision and reduce eye fatigue. E101 can also interact with other substances to help the carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.

Vitamin B2 physiological functions:
E101 can participate in carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and fat metabolism can improve the bodys utilization of protein, to promote the growth and development. E101 can be involved in cell growth and metabolism, is the body tissue metabolism and repair must be nutrients. Vitamin B2 can strengthen the liver function, regulating the secretion of adrenaline. Protect the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of the mucous membrane function. Enhanced vision. Vitamin B2 can also be used to treat angina, Vitamin B2 for the prevention and treatment of migraine. Vitamin B2 help to improve the quality of life. E101 can prevent cancer.

Vitamin B2 is water-soluble vitamin, easily digested and absorbed, the amount to be discharged with the bodys needs and the possible loss of the protein with the degree of increase or decrease; E101 does not accumulate in the body, it is often necessary to supplement food or nutritional supplements to . The difference is that E101 and B1 to heat, acid, resistance to oxidation. Vitamin B2 widely distributed in nature as a vitamin. Vitamin B2 is essential mammalian nutrient and its coenzyme form of flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide.
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Yes, the safety has been approved by the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) and EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) as a food additive.

FDA
FDA considers the addition of MSG to foods to be “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS). It is the sodium salt of glutamic acid and FDA classified it in the list of “Special Dietary and Nutritional Additives” with amino acids and claimed it is a direct food additive and may be safely used as nutrients added to foods. (5)

EFSA
Monosodium glutamate (E 621) is authorised as a food additive in the European Union (EU) in accordance with Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives and categorized as “additives other than colours and sweeteners” (6)

Re-evaluation In 2017
Safety

No adverse effects were observed in the studies of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity.

ADI

In June, 2017, EFSA derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as glutamic acid.

Side Effects

EFSA also indicated the ADI that related with the MSG symptom complex (> 42.9 mg/kg), headache (85.8 mg/kg), blood pressure increase (150 mg/kg) and also insulin increase (> 143 mg/kg).(7)
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Main functions:

(1) Food additives
Vitamin B12 Can be used as food coloring agents: such as ham, sausages, ice cream, fish pate.

(2) Medical Industrial
1. For the treatment and prevention of vitamin B12 deficiency.
2. For gastrectomy or malabsorption syndrome, the prevention of vitamin B12 deficiency causing anemia.
3. Vitamin B12 Used to supplement due to the wasting disease, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation caused by vitamin B12 increased demand.
4. Nutrition and pregnancy anemia.
5. Wide section of crack head taeniasis anemia.
6. Of liver Anemia.
7. Radioactivity caused leukopenia.
8. Nerve pain, muscle pain, joint pain.
9. Peripheral neuritis, peripheral nerve palsy.
10. Myelitis, spinal cord degeneration.

(3) Feed additives
Vitamin B12 for the body growth is an indispensable trace nutrients, most of the animals in the plant feed does not contain vitamin B12, animals on the one hand by the gastrointestinal microbial synthesis, on the one hand, rely on outsiders to add. In order to meet the needs of the animal vitamin supplement vitamin supplements.
Non-ruminants such as pigs and chickens lack of vitamin B12 mainly to growth arrest, but also a few pigs to normal mild anemia. In addition, you can reduce the reproductive rate of chicken hatchability and pig. The clinical symptoms of deficiency include loss of appetite, growth retardation, simple anemia, severe neurological symptoms.
Of vitamin B12 can promote poultry, especially the poult young animals growth and development.
Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by pigs, chickens growth stunting and anemia;
Lack of local weight loss Cobalt area cattle, sheep disease;
Neuritis, neuralgia and other non-specific treatment;
Improve the utilization of feed protein;
Economic animal husbandry;
B12 solution handling eggs or fry, the fish on the water, toxic substances such as benzene and heavy metals tolerance.

(4) Cosmetic applications
Vitamin B12 is generally known as a hematopoietic vitamin, has the advantageous effect of the regeneration of skin cell regeneration and hematopoietic have missed it, is an important component of promoting human metabolism. The latest type of vitamin is vitamin B12, all the vitamins was last seen, the molecular composition of the most complex levels of vitamin B12 in the body will be gradually reduced with increasing age, especially female physiological structure will decrease rapidly.
Easily solve the following skin problems:
1. Skin tired, dull, dry skin problems;
2. Significantly dilute the fine lines and wrinkles of age;
3. Repair after sun exposure, winter cold and dry skin caused by swelling, peeling, and pain;
4. Pock marks, insect bites, scars, burns, burns scars;
5. Plastic surgery, to avoid leaving scars.
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