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Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(C2H5COO).

Uses:
It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe. It is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products.
Propionates prevent microbes from producing the energy they need, like benzoates do. However, unlike benzoates, propionates do not require an acidic environment.
Calcium propionate is often preferred as an anti-fungal agent, to reduce sodium levels in the diet, but also because calcium ions are necessary for the enzyme α-amylase to act on the starches in bread, making them available for the yeast, and improving the texture of the bread. Stale bread is caused by the starch amylose recrystallizing. The enzyme α-amylase converts some of this starch to sugars, preventing the recrystallization.
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Sodium propionate can be produced by the reaction of propionic acid (E280) with sodium hydroxide in hydrogen peroxide and water. (1)

Comparison of three Propionates in bakery
There are three propionates that are approved as food additives, calcium propionate (E282) is the most used one, then sodium propionate, while potassium propionate (E283) is not common.

Calcium propionate

It is the most used propionate preservative for yeast-leavened baked products, also it enhances calcium nutrition in baked products.

But it is not a good choice for chemical leavened baked products since calcium ions will react with HCO3− from the chemical leavening agents – sodium bicarbonate.

Sodium propionate and Potassium propionate
Sodium propionate and potassium propionate are appropriate for non-yeast leavened baked products (e.g. cakes, tortillas, etc.).

Potassium propionate has the advantage as it doesn’t add sodium to bread and is therefore suitable for low-sodium products.

Chemical leavening agents or baking powder are mixtures that release carbon dioxide in the condition of moisture or with heat. Most of them are made of an acid (such as sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, monocalcium phosphate) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

Specification
Other Names
Sodium propanoate
Napropion
Sodium ethanecarboxylate
Propanoic acid sodium salt
CAS Number 137-40-6
Chemical formula C3H5NaO2, CH3CH2COONa
Molar Mass 96.060 g/mol
Properties

Hygroscopic crystalline powder or granular with a little propionic acid odor, deliquescent in moist air.

Structure
Sodium propanoate chemical structure
Image Source

Solubility
Water solubility is important since this property will influence its uses and function as a mold inhibitor.

In water
Freely soluble in water and with the solubility 100 g/100 mL at 15°C, which is better than that of calcium propionate.

Sodium propionate is a base and dissociates propionate ion after the reaction with H2O. And then propanoic acid generated as propionate ion combines with H2O (or exactly hydrogen ion in H2O).

In Organic solvent

Soluble in ethanol with the solubility 4.4 g/100 mL.

PH Range
PH value is another important role as preservatives need a suitable pH range for their antimicrobial activity.

The optimal pH range of propionates for inhibiting the growth of mold is from 2.5 to 5.5.

As mentioned above, propionates produce propionic acid after dissociation and combination with H2O. Propionic acid can penetrate the cell wall of microbes and lowers its intracellular pH. That results in inhibiting the growth of molds. This is how it works.
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In the medicine field, Gluconic Acid can keep the balance of acid and alkali in the human body, and recover the normal operation of nerve. It can be used in the preventation and cure of syndrome for low sodium. In this purpose, it also can be used as food additives. It can be used as water quality stabilizer because it has excellent inhibiting capacity to scale. It also can be used as surface cleaning agent of metal and cleaning agent of glass bottle.
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Yes, it almost has no side effects and the safety has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

FDA
Calcium chloride is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) that can be used as a firming agent, nutrient supplement, pH control agent, anticaking agent, humectant and others in the following food categories and with the maximum usage:(7):

Baked goods, dairy product analogs 0.3%
Beverage 0.22%
Cheese, processed fruit and fruit juices 0.2%
Coffee and tea 0.32%
Condiments and relishes 0.4%
Gravies and sauces 0.2%
Jams and jellies 0.1%
Meat products 0.25%
Plant protein products 2.0%
Processed vegetables and vegetable juices 0.4%
Other food categories 0.05%
EFSA

Calcium chloride (E509) is listed in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 as an authorised food additive and categorized in “ additives other than colours and sweeteners” (8).

Safety re-evaluation in 2019
EFSA concluded no safety concern when calcium chloride (together with hydrochloric acid (E507), potassium chloride (E 508) and magnesium chloride (E 511)) used as a food additive after the studies on genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and other researches. (9)

Approved uses
Its application is listed in “Group I” with the maximum level “quantum satis”. Meanwhile, its separate use levels are also “not limited” in the following products are also (10):

Dehydrated milk
Ripened cheese
Canned or bottled fruit and vegetables
Fruit compote other than apple
Jam, jellies and marmalades
UK Food Standards Agency
Categorized in “Others” (11)

Food Standards Australia New Zealand
It is an approved ingredient in Australia and New Zealand with the code number 509. (12)

Function Class: food additives, firming agent. (13)

Acceptable daily intake: ADI “not specific” set in 1973. (14)

Frequently asked questions
Is CaCl2 Vegan?
Yes, it is vegan as a naturally occurring mineral and the manufacturing process without the use of animal matter or products derived from animal origin. So it is suitable added to the diet of vegetarians.

Is CaCl2 acid or base?
It’s neither acid or base, it is a salt.

Is CaCl2 polar?
Yes, it is polar. It is an ionic molecule which dissociates to calcium ion and chloride ion in water.
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Dextrose Monohydrate as the bodys basic elements and basic medical material, its role and use is widespread. Especially with the majority of the peoples living standards, Dextrose Monohydrate as a sugar substitute sugar for the food industry, has opened up applications for the glucose wider area.

Fermentation Industry:
In the fermentation industry, Dextrose Monohydrate as the most basic nutritional foundation is the main ingredient of the fermentation medium, such as antibiotics, monosodium glutamate, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, enzymes and so require a lot of use glucose, and Dextrose Monohydrate can be used as microbial polysaccharides and organic solvent materials.

Food Industry
With the improvement of living standards and food industry technology continues to develop, Dextrose Monohydrate in the food industry more widely.
1, the traditional candy industry: Dextrose Monohydrate has been started only by the additive into the main raw material, both to improve the taste of candy, but also with nutrition and health care requirements.
2, the development of the cakes, cold drinks industry: Dextrose Monohydrate as a new high-end food additive, used in a variety of pastries, cold drinks and the production processes, it to improve product flavor, texture, color, in particular, can improve product quality, the industry has been greatly admired. Specific applications are the following: a variety of wine to add material, enriched flavored baked goods, soft drinks, cakes, puddings, a variety of canned food, dairy products, add materials, coffee, material can be used, cold drinks, ice cream, meat, sausage , fish food, all kinds of pasta, instant food, chewing gum and other foods.

3, new vegetable processing industry: With the increasing demand of international markets and vegetable processing technology continues to progress, as a sweetener and preservative, in high preservation, dehydration vegetable processing status irreplaceable.

Chemical Industry
Dextrose Monohydrate in the wide industrial application, such as adhesives, fire cast products, plastic products, printing and dyeing, tanning, electroplating, drilling, paint, soap, insecticides, matches, and so on.

Synthesis and transformation
Dextrose Monohydrate also hydrogenation, oxidation, isomerization, alkaline degradation, esterification, acetal reaction, etc. synthesizer or converted into other products. System, such as sorbitol, hydrogenated; oxidation of glucuronic acid, adipic acid, etc., and further made of calcium, sodium, zinc and gluconic acid & lactone; isomerization F42, F55, F90 fructose syrup and crystalline fructose; also isomerization of mannose (mannitol production of raw materials), of which sorbitol can further generate vitamin C, Dextrose Monohydrate is widely used in clinical treatment, and 15% mannitol as a safe and effective in clinical practice to reduce intracranial pressure medications, to treat cerebral edema and glaucoma.

Pharmaceutical industry:
Dextrose Monohydrate is directly absorbed and used to supplement the energy of carbohydrates is the main source of energy needed by the body, the body is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water, while the supply of energy, conversion into a source of sugar or fat in the form of storage, Dextrose Monohydrate can promote liver detoxification function, the liver has a protective effect. Mainly used to supplement the heat and body fluids, for various reasons, caused by eating less or a lot of fluid loss, for weakness, malnutrition and other nutritional benefits. Dextrose Monohydrate main purpose in medicine can be divided into two kinds of oral and injection, Dextrose Monohydrate can be taken alone or made into multi-dimensional glucose use.
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